\s*$|', '', $snippet->code );

		// Deactivate snippet if code contains errors.
		if ( $snippet->active && 'single-use' !== $snippet->scope ) {
			test_snippet_code( $snippet );

			if ( $snippet->code_error ) {
				$snippet->active = 0;
			}
		}
	}

	// Increment the revision number unless revision = 1 or revision is not set.
	if ( $snippet->revision && $snippet->revision > 1 ) {
		$snippet->increment_revision();
	}

	// Shared network snippets are always considered inactive.
	$snippet->active = $snippet->active && ! $snippet->shared_network;

	// Build the list of data to insert (excluding locked, which is stored in wp_options).
	$data = [
		'name'         => $snippet->name,
		'description'  => $snippet->desc,
		'code'         => $snippet->code,
		'tags'         => $snippet->tags_list,
		'scope'        => $snippet->scope,
		'condition_id' => intval( $snippet->condition_id ),
		'priority'     => $snippet->priority,
		'active'       => intval( $snippet->active ),
		'modified'     => $snippet->modified,
		'revision'     => $snippet->revision,
		'cloud_id'     => $snippet->cloud_id_owner ? $snippet->cloud_id_owner : null,
	];

	// Create a new snippet if the ID is not set.
	if ( 0 === $snippet->id ) {
		$result = $wpdb->insert( $table, $data, '%s' );
		if ( false === $result ) {
			return null;
		}

		$snippet->id = $wpdb->insert_id;
		$updated = get_snippet( $snippet->id, $snippet->network );
		$updated->code_error = $snippet->code_error;
		$updated->code_error_trace = $snippet->code_error_trace;
		do_action( 'code_snippets/create_snippet', $updated, $table );

		if ( $updated->id > 0 ) {
			set_snippet_locked( $updated->id, $updated->locked, $updated->network );
		}
	} else {
		// Otherwise, update the snippet data.
		$existing = get_snippet( $snippet->id, $snippet->network );

		set_snippet_locked( $snippet->id, $snippet->locked, $snippet->network );
		$wpdb->update( $table, $data, [ 'id' => $snippet->id ], null, [ '%d' ] );

		$updated = get_snippet( $snippet->id, $snippet->network );
		$updated->code_error = $snippet->code_error;
		$updated->code_error_trace = $snippet->code_error_trace;

		do_action( 'code_snippets/update_snippet', $updated, $table, $existing, $snippet );

		if ( ! $updated->active && $existing->active ) {
			$recently_active = get_self_option( $updated->network, 'recently_active_snippets', [] );
			$recently_active[ $updated->id ] = time();
			update_self_option( $updated->network, 'recently_active_snippets', $recently_active );
		} elseif ( ! $updated->active ) {
			$recently_active = get_self_option( $updated->network, 'recently_active_snippets', [] );

			if ( isset( $recently_active[ $updated->id ] ) ) {
				unset( $recently_active[ $updated->id ] );
				update_self_option( $updated->network, 'recently_active_snippets', $recently_active );
			}
		}
	}

	update_shared_network_snippets( [ $updated ] );
	clean_snippets_cache( $table );
	return $updated;
}

/**
 * Execute a snippet.
 * Execute operation.
 *
 * Code must NOT be escaped, as it will be executed directly.
 *
 * @param string $code  Snippet code to execute.
 * @param int    $id    Snippet ID.
 * @param bool   $force Force snippet execution, even if save mode is active.
 *
 * @return Throwable|mixed Code error if encountered during execution, or result of snippet execution otherwise.
 *
 * @since        2.0.0
 * @noinspection PhpUndefinedConstantInspection
 *
 * phpcs:disable Squiz.PHP.Eval.Discouraged
 */
function execute_snippet( string $code, int $id = 0, bool $force = false ) {
	/**
	 * Do not continue if safe mode is active.
	 *
	 * @noinspection PhpUndefinedConstantInspection
	 */
	if ( empty( $code ) || ( ! $force && defined( 'CODE_SNIPPETS_SAFE_MODE' ) && CODE_SNIPPETS_SAFE_MODE ) ) {
		return false;
	}

	ob_start();

	try {
		$result = eval( $code );
	} catch ( Throwable $throwable ) {
		$result = $throwable;
	}

	ob_end_clean();

	do_action( 'code_snippets/after_execute_snippet', $code, $id, $result );
	return $result;
}

/**
 * Retrieve a single snippets from the database using its cloud ID.
 *
 * Read operation.
 *
 * @param string    $cloud_id  The Cloud ID of the snippet to retrieve.
 * @param bool|null $multisite Retrieve a multisite-wide snippet (true) or site-wide snippet (false).
 *
 * @return Snippet|null A single snippet object or null if no snippet was found.
 *
 * @since 3.5.0
 */
function get_snippet_by_cloud_id( string $cloud_id, ?bool $multisite = null ): ?Snippet {
	global $wpdb;

	$multisite = DB::validate_network_param( $multisite );
	$table_name = code_snippets()->db->get_table_name( $multisite );

	$cached_snippets = wp_cache_get( "all_snippets_$table_name", CACHE_GROUP );

	// Attempt to fetch snippet from the cached list, if it exists.
	if ( is_array( $cached_snippets ) ) {
		foreach ( $cached_snippets as $snippet ) {
			if ( $snippet->cloud_id === $cloud_id ) {
				return apply_filters( 'code_snippets/get_snippet_by_cloud_id', $snippet, $cloud_id, $multisite );
			}
		}
	}

	// Otherwise, search for the snippet from the database.
	$snippet_data = $wpdb->get_row( $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT * FROM $table_name WHERE cloud_id = %s", $cloud_id ) ); // cache pass, db call ok.
	$snippet = $snippet_data ? new Snippet( $snippet_data ) : null;

	// Load locked from wp_options if snippet exists.
	if ( $snippet && $snippet->id > 0 ) {
		$snippet->network = $multisite;
		$snippet->locked = is_snippet_locked( $snippet->id, $multisite );
	}

	return apply_filters( 'code_snippets/get_snippet_by_cloud_id', $snippet, $cloud_id, $multisite );
}

/**
 * Update a snippet entry given a list of fields.
 * Write operation.
 *
 * @param int                  $snippet_id ID of the snippet to update.
 * @param array<string, mixed> $fields     An array of fields mapped to their values.
 * @param bool|null            $network    Update in network-wide (true) or site-wide (false) table.
 */
function update_snippet_fields( int $snippet_id, array $fields, ?bool $network = null ) {
	global $wpdb;

	$network = DB::validate_network_param( $network );
	$table = code_snippets()->db->get_table_name( $network );

	// Build a new snippet object for the validation.
	$snippet = new Snippet();
	$snippet->id = $snippet_id;

	// Validate fields through the snippet class and copy them into a clean array.
	$clean_fields = array();
	$locked_value = null;

	foreach ( $fields as $field => $value ) {
		// Handle locked separately (stored in wp_options).
		if ( 'locked' === $field ) {
			if ( $snippet->set_field( $field, $value ) ) {
				$locked_value = $snippet->$field;
			}
			continue;
		}

		if ( $snippet->set_field( $field, $value ) ) {
			$clean_fields[ $field ] = $snippet->$field;
		}
	}

	// Update the snippet in the database (excluding locked).
	if ( ! empty( $clean_fields ) ) {
		$wpdb->update( $table, $clean_fields, array( 'id' => $snippet->id ), null, array( '%d' ) );
	}

	// Save locked to wp_options if it was provided.
	if ( null !== $locked_value ) {
		set_snippet_locked( $snippet->id, $locked_value, $network );
	}

	clean_snippets_cache( $table );
	$updated = get_snippet( $snippet->id, $network );
	if ( $updated->id ) {
		do_action( 'code_snippets/update_snippet', $updated, $table );
	}
}

/**
 *  Evaluate a snippet by loading it from the filesystem.
 *
 * @param string $code  Snippet code.
 * @param string $file  Snippet filename.
 * @param int    $id    Snippet ID.
 * @param bool   $force Force snippet execution, even if save mode is active.
 *
 * @return bool|Exception|Throwable|null Code error if encountered during execution, or result of snippet execution otherwise.
 */
function execute_snippet_from_flat_file( string $code, string $file, int $id = 0, bool $force = false ) {
	if ( ! is_file( $file ) ) {
		execute_snippet( $code, $id, $force );
		return true;
	}

	/* @noinspection PhpUndefinedConstantInspection */
	if ( ! $force && defined( 'CODE_SNIPPETS_SAFE_MODE' ) && CODE_SNIPPETS_SAFE_MODE ) {
		return false;
	}

	ob_start();

	try {
		require_once $file;
		$result = null;
	} catch ( Throwable $throwable ) {
		$result = $throwable;
	}

	ob_end_clean();

	do_action( 'code_snippets/after_execute_snippet_from_flat_file', $file, $id );

	return $result ?? null;
}
\n\n" . $snippet->code );

		return ob_get_clean();
	}

	/**
	 * Evaluate a snippet by loading its code from the filesystem.
	 *
	 * @param string $filepath Path to file to evaluate.
	 * @param array  $atts     Shortcode attributes.
	 *
	 * @return string Snippet output.
	 */
	private function evaluate_shortcode_from_flat_file( string $filepath, array $atts ): string {
		ob_start();

		( function ( $atts ) use ( $filepath ) {
			/**
			 * Avoiding extract is typically recommended, however in this situation we want to make it easy for snippet
			 * authors to use custom attributes.
			 *
			 * phpcs:ignore WordPress.PHP.DontExtract.extract_extract
			 */
			extract( $atts, EXTR_SKIP );
			require_once $filepath;
		} )( $atts );

		return ob_get_clean();
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve a content snippet from the filesystem or the database.
	 *
	 * @param int  $id      Snippet identifier.
	 * @param bool $network Whether the snippet is network-wide.
	 *
	 * @return Snippet|null
	 */
	private function get_content_snippet( int $id, bool $network ): ?Snippet {
		if ( ! Snippet_Files::is_active() ) {
			return get_snippet( $id, $network );
		}

		$validated_network = DB::validate_network_param( $network );
		$table_name = Snippet_Files::get_hashed_table_name( code_snippets()->db->get_table_name( $validated_network ) );
		$handler = code_snippets()->snippet_handler_registry->get_handler( 'html' );
		$config_filepath = Snippet_Files::get_base_dir( $table_name, $handler->get_dir_name() ) . '/index.php';

		if ( file_exists( $config_filepath ) ) {
			$config = require_once $config_filepath;
			$snippet_data = $config[ $id ] ?? null;

			if ( $snippet_data ) {
				$snippet = new Snippet( $snippet_data );
				return apply_filters( 'code_snippets/get_snippet', $snippet, $id, $network );
			}
		}

		return get_snippet( $id, $network );
	}

	/**
	 * Render the value of a content shortcode
	 *
	 * @param array<string, mixed> $atts Shortcode attributes.
	 *
	 * @return string Shortcode content.
	 */
	public function render_content_shortcode( array $atts ): string {
		$atts = $this->convert_boolean_attribute_flags( $atts, [ 'network', 'php', 'format', 'shortcodes', 'debug' ] );
		$original_atts = $atts;

		$atts = shortcode_atts(
			[
				'id'         => 0,
				'snippet_id' => 0,
				'network'    => false,
				'php'        => false,
				'format'     => false,
				'shortcodes' => false,
				'debug'      => false,
			],
			$atts,
			self::CONTENT_SHORTCODE
		);

		$id = 0 !== intval( $atts['snippet_id'] ) ? intval( $atts['snippet_id'] ) : intval( $atts['id'] );
		if ( ! $id ) {
			return $this->invalid_id_warning( $id );
		}

		$snippet = $this->get_content_snippet( $id, (bool) $atts['network'] );

		// Render the source code if this is not a shortcode snippet.
		if ( 'content' !== $snippet->scope ) {
			return $snippet->id ? $this->render_snippet_source( $snippet ) : $this->invalid_id_warning( $snippet->id );
		}

		// If the snippet is inactive, either display a message or render nothing.
		if ( ! $snippet->active ) {
			if ( ! $atts['debug'] ) {
				return '';
			}

			/* translators: 1: snippet name, 2: snippet edit link */
			$text = __( '%1$s is currently inactive. You can <a href="%2$s">edit this snippet</a> to activate it and make it visible. This message will not appear in the published post.', 'code-snippets' );
			$snippet_name = '<strong>' . $snippet->name . '</strong>';
			$edit_url = add_query_arg( 'id', $snippet->id, code_snippets()->get_menu_url( 'edit' ) );

			return wp_kses(
				sprintf( $text, $snippet_name, $edit_url ),
				[
					'strong' => [],
					'a'      => [
						'href' => [],
					],
				]
			);
		}

		$content = $this->evaluate_shortcode_content( $snippet, $original_atts );

		if ( $atts['format'] ) {
			$functions = [ 'wptexturize', 'convert_smilies', 'convert_chars', 'wpautop', 'capital_P_dangit' ];
			foreach ( $functions as $function ) {
				$content = call_user_func( $function, $content );
			}
		}

		if ( $atts['shortcodes'] ) {
			// Temporarily remove this shortcode from the list to prevent recursion while executing do_shortcode.
			remove_shortcode( self::CONTENT_SHORTCODE );
			$content = do_shortcode( $atts['format'] ? shortcode_unautop( $content ) : $content );
			add_shortcode( self::CONTENT_SHORTCODE, [ $this, 'render_content_shortcode' ] );
		}

		return apply_filters( 'code_snippets/content_shortcode', $content, $snippet, $atts, $original_atts );
	}

	/**
	 * Converts a value and key into an HTML attribute pair.
	 *
	 * @param string $value Attribute value.
	 * @param string $key   Attribute name.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	private static function create_attribute_pair( string &$value, string $key ) {
		$value = sprintf( '%s="%s"', sanitize_key( $key ), esc_attr( $value ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Render the source code of a given snippet
	 *
	 * @param Snippet              $snippet Snippet object.
	 * @param array<string, mixed> $atts    Shortcode attributes.
	 *
	 * @return string Shortcode content.
	 */
	private function render_snippet_source( Snippet $snippet, array $atts = [] ): string {
		$atts = array_merge(
			array(
				'line_numbers'    => false,
				'highlight_lines' => '',
			),
			$atts
		);

		$language = 'css' === $snippet->type ? 'css' : ( 'js' === $snippet->type ? 'js' : 'php' );

		$pre_attributes = array(
			'id'    => "code-snippet-source-$snippet->id",
			'class' => 'code-snippet-source',
		);

		$code_attributes = array(
			'class' => "language-$language",
		);

		if ( $atts['line_numbers'] ) {
			$code_attributes['class'] .= ' line-numbers';
			$pre_attributes['class'] .= ' linkable-line-numbers';
		}

		if ( $atts['highlight_lines'] ) {
			$pre_attributes['data-line'] = $atts['highlight_lines'];
		}

		$pre_attributes = apply_filters( 'code_snippets/prism_pre_attributes', $pre_attributes, $snippet, $atts );
		$code_attributes = apply_filters( 'code_snippets/prism_code_attributes', $code_attributes, $snippet, $atts );

		array_walk( $code_attributes, array( $this, 'create_attribute_pair' ) );
		array_walk( $pre_attributes, array( $this, 'create_attribute_pair' ) );

		$code = 'php' === $snippet->type ? "<?php\n\n$snippet->code" : $snippet->code;

		$output = sprintf(
			'<pre %s><code %s>%s</code></pre>',
			implode( ' ', $pre_attributes ),
			implode( ' ', $code_attributes ),
			esc_html( $code )
		);

		return apply_filters( 'code_snippets/render_source_shortcode', $output, $snippet, $atts );
	}

	/**
	 * Render the value of a source shortcode
	 *
	 * @param array<string, mixed> $atts Shortcode attributes.
	 *
	 * @return string Shortcode content.
	 */
	public function render_source_shortcode( array $atts ): string {
		$atts = $this->convert_boolean_attribute_flags( $atts, [ 'network', 'line_numbers' ] );

		$atts = shortcode_atts(
			array(
				'id'              => 0,
				'snippet_id'      => 0,
				'network'         => false,
				'line_numbers'    => false,
				'highlight_lines' => '',
			),
			$atts,
			self::SOURCE_SHORTCODE
		);

		$id = 0 !== intval( $atts['snippet_id'] ) ? intval( $atts['snippet_id'] ) : intval( $atts['id'] );
		if ( ! $id ) {
			return $this->invalid_id_warning( $id );
		}

		$snippet = $this->get_content_snippet( $id, (bool) $atts['network'] );
		return $this->render_snippet_source( $snippet, $atts );
	}
}